Chapter 5. Aircraft Materials, Processes, & Hardware
Aircraft Materials, Processes, & Hardware 5-1
Aircraft Metals 5-1
Properties of Metals 5-1
Hardness 5-1
Strength 5-1
Density 5-1
Malleability 5-1
Ductility 5-1
Elasticity 5-1
Toughness 5-2
Brittleness 5-2
Fusibility 5-2
Conductivity 5-2
Thermal Expansion 5-2
Ferrous Aircraft Metals 5-2
Iron 5-2
Steel and Steel Alloys 5-2
Types, Characteristics, and Uses of Alloyed Steels 5-4
Electrochemical Test 5-5
Nonferrous Aircraft Metals 5-5
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 5-6
Wrought Aluminum 5-7
Effect of Alloying Element 5-8
Hardness Identification 5-8
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 5-9
Titanium and Titanium Alloys 5-9
Copper and Copper Alloys 5-11
Nickel and Nickel Alloys 5-12
Substitution of Aircraft Metals 5-12
Metalworking Processes 5-12
Hot Working 5-12
Internal Structure of Metals 5-14
Heat-Treating Equipment 5-15
Soaking 5-17
Cooling 5-17
Quenching Media 5-17
Quenching Equipment 5-19
Heat Treatment of Ferrous Metals 5-19
Behavior of Steel During Heating and Cooling 5-19
Hardening 5-20
Hardening Precautions 5-20
Tempering 5-21
Annealing 5-21
Normalizing 5-21
Casehardening 5-21
Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Metals 5-22
Aluminum Alloys 5-22
Alclad Aluminum 5-23
Solution Heat Treatment 5-23
Straightening After Solution Heat Treatment 5-24
Precipitation Heat Treating 5-24
Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Rivets 5-26
Heat Treatment of Magnesium Alloys 5-26
Heat Treatment of Titanium 5-27
Hardness Testing 5-28
Forging 5-30
Casting 5-30
Extruding 5-31
Cold Working/Hardening 5-31
Nonmetallic Aircraft Materials 5-31
Wood 5-32
Plastics 5-32
Transparent Plastics 5-32
Composite Materials 5-32
Advantages/Disadvantages of Composites 5-33
Composite Safety 5-33
Fiber Reinforced Materials 5-33
Laminated Structures 5-34
Reinforced Plastic 5-34
Rubber 5-35
Natural Rubber 5-35
Synthetic Rubber 5-35
Shock Absorber Cord 5-36
Seals 5-36
Packings 5-36
O-Ring Packings 5-36
Backup Rings 5-37
V-Ring Packings 5-38
U-Ring Packings 5-38
Gaskets 5-38
Wipers 5-38
Sealing Compounds 5-38
One Part Sealants 5-38
Two Part Sealants 5-39
Aircraft Hardware 5-39
Identification 5-39
Threaded Fasteners 5-39
Classification of Threads 5-40
Aircraft Bolts 5-41
General Purpose Bolts 5-41
Close Tolerance Bolts 5-41
Identification and Coding 5-41
Special-Purpose Bolts 5-43
Aircraft Nuts 5-45
Aircraft Washers 5-50
Installation of Nuts, Washers, and Bolts 5-51
Aircraft Rivets 5-54
Standards and Specifications 5-56
Solid Shank Rivets 5-56
Blind Rivets 5-60
Rivet Identification 5-64
Special Shear and Bearing Load Fasteners 5-66
Screws 5-70
Riveted and Rivetless Nutplates 5-71
Hole Repair and Hole Repair Hardware 5-74
Safetying Methods 5-79
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